ls

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NAME

       ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories


SYNOPSIS

       ls  [-abcdefgiklmnopqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX178]  [-w  cols] [-T
       cols]  [-I  pattern]  [--all]   [--escape]   [--directory]
       [--inode]  [--kilobytes]  [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group]
       [--hide-control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols]
       [--tabsize=cols]     [--almost-all]     [--ignore-backups]
       [--classify]  [--file-type]  [--full-time]  [--ignore=pat-
       tern] [--dereference] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recur-
       sive]     [--sort={none,time,size,extension}]      [--for-
       mat={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
       [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}]
       [--color[={yes,no,tty}]]         [--colour[={yes,no,tty}]]
       [--7bit] [--8bit] [--help] [--version] [name...]


DESCRIPTION

       This manual page documents the GNU  version  of  ls,  with
       color  extensions.   dir  and vdir are versions of ls with
       different default output  formats.   These  programs  list
       each given file or directory name.  Directory contents are
       sorted alphabetically.   For  ls,  files  are  by  default
       listed in columns, sorted vertically, if the standard out-
       put is a terminal; otherwise they are listed one per line.
       For  dir,  files  are by default listed in columns, sorted
       vertically.  For vdir, files are by default listed in long
       format.

   OPTIONS
       -a, --all
              List  all files in directories, including all files
              that start with `.'.

       -b, --escape
              Quote nongraphic characters  in  file  names  using
              alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
              used in C.

       -c, --time=ctime, --time=status
              Sort directory contents  according  to  the  files'
              status  change  time  instead  of  the modification
              time.  If the long listing format  is  being  used,
              print the status change time instead of the modifi-
              cation time.

       -d, --directory
              List directories  like  other  files,  rather  than
              listing their contents.

       -e, --full-time
              List  times in full, rather than using the standard
              abbreviation heuristics.

       -f     Do not sort directory contents; list them in  what-
              ever  order  they are stored on the disk.  The same
              as enabling -a and -U and disabling -l, -o, -s, and
              -t.

       -g     Ignored; for Unix compatibility.

       -i, --inode
              Print  the index number of each file to the left of
              the file name.

       -k, --kilobytes
              If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
              bytes.   This  overrides  the  environment variable
              POSIXLY_CORRECT.

       -l, --format=long, --format=verbose
              In addition to the name of  each  file,  print  the
              file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
              name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
              modification time unless other times are selected).
              For files with a time that is more  than  6  months
              old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
              tamp contains the year instead of the time of  day.

       -m, --format=commas
              List  files  horizontally, with as many as will fit
              on each line, separated by commas.

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              List the numeric UID and GID instead of the  names.

       -o, --color, --colour, --color=yes, --colour=yes
              Colorize  the  names of files depending on the type
              of file.  See `DISPLAY COLORIZATION'  below.   Note
              that -o unlike --color is a toggle.

       -p     Append a character to each file name indicating the
              file type.

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              Print question marks instead of nongraphic  charac-
              ters in file names.

       -r, --reverse
              Sort directory contents in reverse order.

       -s, --size
              Print  the  size  of  each file in 1K blocks to the
              left of the file name.  If the environment variable
              POSIXLY_CORRECT  is  set,  512-byte blocks are used
              instead.


       -t, --sort=time
              Sort directory contents  by  timestamp  instead  of
              alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.

       -u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
              Sort directory contents  according  to  the  files'
              last  access time instead of the modification time.
              If the long listing format is being used, print the
              last  access time instead of the modification time.

       -x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
              List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.

       -A, --almost-all
              List all files in directories, except for  `.'  and
              `..'.

       -B, --ignore-backups
              Do  not  list  files that end with `~', unless they
              are given on the command line.

       -C, --format=vertical
              List files in columns, sorted vertically.

       -F, --classify
              Append a character to each file name indicating the
              file  type.  For regular files that are executable,
              append a `*'.  The file type indicators are `/' for
              directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
              `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.

       -G, --no-group
              Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
              mat directory listing.

       -L, --dereference
              List  the files linked to by symbolic links instead
              of listing the contents of the links.

       -N, --literal
              Do not quote file names.

       -Q, --quote-name
              Enclose file names in double quotes and quote  non-
              graphic characters as in C.

       -R, --recursive
              List the contents of all directories recursively.

       -S, --sort=size
              Sort  directory  contents  by  file size instead of
              alphabetically,  with  the  largest  files   listed
              first.

       -U, --sort=none
              Do  not sort directory contents; list them in what-
              ever order they  are  stored  on  the  disk.   This
              option  is  not  called  -f  because the Unix ls -f
              option also enables -a and disables -l, -s, and -t.
              It  seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated
              things together in one option.  Since  this  option
              doesn't do that, it has a different name.

       -X, --sort=extension
              Sort  directory  contents  alphabetically  by  file
              extension (characters after the  last  `.');  files
              with no extension are sorted first.

       -1, --format=single-column
              List one file per line.

       -7, --7bit
              Treat all character outside the ASCII (ISO 646) set
              (0x20-0x7E) as nonprintable control characters.

       -8, --8bit
              Treat all characters from the 8-bit ISO 8859  char-
              acter  sets  (0x20-0x7E,  0xA1-0xFF)  as printable.
              This includes ASCII  as  a  subset.   This  is  the
              default unless overridden at compile time.

       -w, --width cols
              Assume  the  screen  is  cols  columns  wide.   The
              default is taken from the terminal driver if possi-
              ble;  otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS is
              used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.

       -T, --tabsize cols
              Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide.  The
              default  is  8, or whatever the TABSIZE environment
              variable says.  Setting the tabsize to  0  disables
              the use of tab characters completely.

       -I, --ignore pattern
              Do  not list files whose names match the shell pat-
              tern pattern unless they are given on  the  command
              line.   As  in the shell, an initial `.' in a file-
              name does not match a wildcard at the start of pat-
              tern.

       --color=tty, --colour=tty
              Same  as -o but only if standard output is a termi-
              nal.  This is very useful  for  shell  scripts  and
              command  aliases, especially if your favorite pager
              does not support color control codes.

       --color=no, --colour=no
              Disables  colorization.   This  is   the   default.
              Provided to override a previous color option.

       --help Print  a  usage message on standard output and exit
              successfully.

       --version
              Print version information on standard  output  then
              exit successfully.

   DISPLAY COLORIZATION
       When  using  the -o or --color options, this version of ls
       will colorize the file names printed according to the name
       and  type  of  file.   By default, this colorization is by
       type only, and the codes used are ISO 6429 (ANSI)  compli-
       ant.

       You  can override the default colors by defining the envi-
       ronment variable LS_COLORS (or LS_COLOURS).  The format of
       this variable is reminicent of the termcap(5) file format;
       a  colon-separated  list  of  expressions  of   the   form
       "xx=string",  where "xx" is a two-character variable name.
       The variables with their associated defaults are:

         no        0              Normal (non-filename) text
         fi        0              Regular file
         di        32             Directory
         ln        36             Symbolic link
         pi        31             Named pipe (FIFO)
         so        33             Socket
         bd        44;37          Block device
         cd        44;37          Character device
         ex        35             Executable file
         mi        (none)         Missing file (defaults to fi)
         or        (none)         Orphanned symbolic link (defaults to ln)
         lc        \e[            Left code
         rc        m              Right code
         ec        (none)         End code (replaces lc+no+rc)

       You only need to include the variables you want to  change
       from the default.

       File  names can also be colorized based on filename exten-
       sion.  This is specified in the LS_COLORS  variable  using
       the  syntax  "*ext=string".   For  example, using ISO 6429
       codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would
       specify "*.c=34".  This would color all files ending in .c
       in blue (34) color.

       Control  characters  can  be  written  either  in  C-style
       \-escaped  notation,  or  in stty-like ^-notation.  The C-
       style notation adds \e for Escape, \_ for a  normal  space
       characer,  and  \?  for Delete.  In addition, the \ escape
       character can be used to override the default  interpreta-
       tion of \, ^, : and =.
       Each file will be written as <lc> <color code> <rc> <file-
       name> <ec>.  If the <ec> code is undefined,  the  sequence
       <lc>  <no>  <rc>  will be used instead.  This is generally
       more convenient to use, but less general.  The left, right
       and  end codes are provided so you don't have to type com-
       mon parts over and over again and to support weird  termi-
       nals;  you  will  generally not need to change them at all
       unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences
       but a different system.

       If  your  terminal  does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can
       compose the type codes (i.e. all except the lc, rc, and ec
       codes)  from  numerical  commands separated by semicolons.
       The most common commands are:

          0        to restore default color
          1        for brighter colors
          4        for underlined text
          5        for flashing text
         30        for black foreground
         31        for red foreground
         32        for green foreground
         33        for yellow (or brown) foreground
         34        for blue foreground
         35        for purple foreground
         36        for cyan foreground
         37        for white (or gray) foreground
         40        for black background
         41        for red background
         42        for green background
         43        for yellow (or brown) background
         44        for blue background
         45        for purple background
         46        for cyan background
         47        for white (or gray) background

       Not all commands will  work  on  all  systems  or  display
       devices.

       A  few  terminal programs do not recognize the default end
       code properly.  If all text gets colorized after you do  a
       directory listing, try changing the no and fi codes from 0
       to the numerical codes for your standard fore-  and  back-
       ground colors.


BUGS

       On  BSD systems, the -s option reports sizes that are half
       the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-
       UX  systems.   On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are
       twice the correct values for files  that  are  NFS-mounted
       from BSD systems.  This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also
       affects the HP-UX ls program.

       Character set selection should be more system independent.
       Using the colorization options disables the use of the tab
       character for column spacing unless the -T option is used;
       apparently  some  systems do not like tabs and color codes
       in conjunction.

       If there was a single standard for the English language it
       would not be necessary to support redundant spellings.
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